All perfect praise be to Allaah, The Lord of the Worlds. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger.
The person whose description is given in the question is a magician or a fortune-teller. The claim that he uses angels in his work is a pure lie and has no foundation, because no one can use angels.
We hear about using the jinn in magic and fortune-telling and this is forbidden as you know, but to use angels, then this is a big slander.
However, we warn against the books which you mentioned in the question, like Shamsul ma'aarif and Al-Futuhaat Al-Makkiyyah due to the falsehood which they contain.
As regards the book of Al-Jafr, then 'Ali was not aware of it, rather it is an invented book which does not have any relation with him.
Therefore, you are right in refuting his arguments. There is no refuge other than Allaah and He is the One Who predestines and decrees everything. Allaah Says (what means): {Unquestionably, His is the creation and the command; blessed is Allaah, Lord of the worlds.} [Quran 7:54]. Allaah also Says (what means): {Say, “None in the heavens and earth knows the unseen except Allah.} [Quran 27:65].
Finally, we ask Allah to make us firm on His Religion, save us from Hellfire, and protect us from all kinds of trials.
Allaah Knows best.